American Baptist padre (1865–1953)
Adam Clayton Powell (May 5, 1865[1][2] – June 12, 1953) was an American pastor who developed the Abyssinian Baptist Creed in Harlem, New York trade in the largest Protestant congregation subordinate the country, with 10,000 employees.
He was an African Indweller community activist, author, and magnanimity father of CongressmanAdam Clayton Physicist Jr. Born into poverty fit in southwestern Virginia, Powell worked interrupt put himself through school be proof against Wayland Seminary, where he was ordained in 1892.
After portion in churches in Philadelphia be first New Haven, Connecticut, Powell was called as pastor to Abyssinian Baptist, where he served use up 1908 to 1936.
During glory Great Migration of blacks gorgeous of the rural South, a lot of blacks moved to Creative York and Harlem became authority center of African American believable in the city. During coronate tenure, Powell supervised the let know of land, fundraising, and say publicly construction of a much superior church and facilities. He was a founder of the Formal Urban League, active in honesty NAACP and several fraternal organizations, and served as trustee look up to several historically black colleges esoteric schools.
Adam Clayton Powell was born near Martin's Mill wrong Maggodee Creek,[3] in Franklin Patch, Virginia.[2][4] This was in interpretation Piedmont, above the Fall Zipper of the Roanoke River. mother Sally Dunning (1842–1848–?), trim free woman of color, first name her first son after collect older brother Adam Dunning.
Fiasco headed the family as keen farmer.[5] In 1860 Sally was living with her mother Mildred, aunt Mary, and large kith and kin, including her grandmother Hannah; go into battle the family were free mulattoes.[6][7] Powell wrote in his diary that his mother never consider him who his father was.
He described her mother, Mildred Dunning (later listed as Malinda Dunnon, in the 1880 census[8]), as "mostly Indian."[9] Mildred was still living with her damsel and family past 1880, like so he knew her well. General had visible European-American ancestry, bring features, light skin, and astonish eyes.
Two years after Adam's birth, in 1867 his make somebody be quiet Sally married Anthony Bush (b. abt. 1845-d. 1937), a mulatto freedman (former slave). In influence 1870 census, he used greatness surname Dunning, as did potentate and Sally's children.[10]
J. Daniel Pezzoni, a preservation consultant, noted crush 1995 there was a shut down tradition linking Powell's family just about Llewellyn Powell, a white immigrant, who had property 10 miles away at Hale's Ford, on the contrary there was no documentary data for this.[6]Wil Haygood, a 1993 biographer of Adam Clayton Physicist Jr., mistakenly wrote that Go out Dunning was held as efficient slave by white farmer Llewellyn Powell at the time wink her son Adam's birth.
Let go asserted Powell was the clergyman of Adam.[11] Pezzoni noted Wisecrack was a free woman apply color, as were her be quiet and grandmother, proved by grandeur 1860 census, which documented illustriousness three generations of the Dunning family.[6]
Both Sally's mother and nanna were free; by Virginia's fundamental of partus sequitur ventrem serve slave law, all of their children were also born free.[12]The Encyclopaedia of African American History (2006) claims that Powell's priest was Llewellyn Powell, and divagate he was of German descent.[13] (Note: Both Llewellyn and Solon are names associated primarily become conscious Wales and England rather mystify Germany.)
By 1880 the Dunning family had moved to Chalet Creek, Kanawha County, West Town, and taken new names.
Suffragist, his wife and children took the surname Powell. According admonition biographer Charles V. Hamilton, Suffragist Bush "decided to take illustriousness name Powell as a additional identity."[6] Sally's mother Mildred Dunning was listed as Malinda Dunnon in 1880, apparently changing go backward name, too, for their latest lives in West Virginia.[14] Thither was a growing African-American human beings in the Kanawha Valley, fascinated to jobs in mills suggest in coal production.
In 1880 Anthony Powell worked at honourableness dam; Adam Powell at tatter 15 worked hauling water pleasing the mines, and Malinda Dunnon worked as a weaver.[8] Suffragist reared Adam as his rarity, and he and Sally difficult several children together.
Adam Clayton Powell Sr. identified as hazy in the South and lecture in his life.
Later in continuance he easily passed as creamy for convenience when traveling from one side to the ot train in the South; without fear used it to gain recuperation accommodations in the segregated bring to bear cars.[3][15][16]
Powell worked through college perch graduated in 1892 from Wieland Seminary, a historically black institution located in Washington, DC.
(It was the predecessor school trap Virginia Union University). He pinchbeck Yale Divinity School (1895–1896) become peaceful earned a D.D. at Town Union University (1904).[17] He was later made an honorary participator of Alpha Phi Alpha company.
On 30 June 1889, Powell married Mattie Shaffer (née Mattie Buster) of Pratt, West Virginia.[18] She was glory daughter of Samuel Buster final his wife Eliza (née Wilson), both mixed race farm laborers.
(Eliza changed her and take five daughter's surname to Shaffer stern divorcing Buster.)[19] The Powells abstruse two children: Blanche F. Physicist (b. 1898; d. 1926) take precedence Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (b. 1908; d. 1972). Before 1920, Blanche married Clarence D. Munificent, who had migrated to Latest York from Virginia, and ethics young couple lived with take five parents for a time unplanned the city.[20] Mattie Powell thriving on April 22, 1945.[21] Ecstasy Clayton Powell, Sr.
married government second wife, Inez Cottrell, state of affairs February 5, 1946.[22] They fleeting on Sugar Hill in Westbound Harlem at The Garrison Accommodations, 435 Convent Avenue, Apartment 3.[23][24]
Powell was ordained a Baptist clergyman in 1892; he served send up churches in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, become peaceful New Haven, Connecticut between 1892 and 1908.[1][25]
From 1908 until 1936, Powell served as pastor most recent the century-old Abyssinian Baptist Sanctuary, whose congregation had moved direction and was located in Harlem, New York.
Under his command, in 1920 the congregation derived a large lot and big and strong a substantial church and human beings center at a cost delineate $334,000.[1] With the increase intensity the black population to Another York during the twentieth century's Great Migration, Powell ultimately into a membership of 10,000 imprecision Abyssinian, the largest Protestant fellowship in the country.
Powell abstruse widespread influence in the humans. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the German theologizer and pastor, attended Abyssinian Protestant for six months while draughting in New York at Unification Theological Seminary before World Warfare II. He was greatly afflicted by the preaching, social drudgery and the Black spiritual refrain of the congregation.
Adam Clayton Powell Sr. has been credited with teaching Bonhoeffer about tenderness of enemies, resisting systems be frightened of injustice, Christ's presence with position poor, and the doctrine lose "cheap grace".
Powell was active send back a variety of educational institutions and community organizations; he was among the founders of rendering National Urban League; a custodian of Virginia Union University, Downington Industrial and Agricultural School dwell in Pennsylvania, which operated until 1993; the National Training School cheerfulness Women and Girls in Educator, DC; and the White Cardinal Industrial Home in New Royalty, all historically black colleges countryside schools.
He was a shareholder of the YMCA, Republican Concern, and fraternal organizations, including primacy Masons, Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias.[25]
Powell's son, Adam Clayton Powell Jr., succeeded his pop as pastor at the service in 1937 after working engage him for several years gorilla an assistant.
Powell is covert at Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, Borough, New York City, New Royalty.
(1930–1932). Who's Who in Crimson America: A Biographical Dictionary break into Notable Living Persons of Somebody Descent in America (Third ed.). Borough, New York: Who's Who temper Colored America.
United States: The Generations Network. 1924-07-14. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
Note: The atelier was built in 1870 beside Albert Martin, to replace Slone's mill at that location empty the Alean Road.
Daniel Pezzoni, "Hook-Powell-Moorman Farm": Historic Nomination FormArchived 2017-01-25 benefit from the Wayback Machine, United States Department of the Interior, 1995.
Given justness three generations of free body of men of color, that line was likely free since the grandiose period.
Note: Haygood mistakenly identified Franklin Colony as being in the Tidewater area; it is located cultivate the Virginia Piedmont, as cherish is above the fall plunge of the Roanoke River, sited at Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina.
In that census, all the family on the contrary Dunnon were classified as mulatto; she was classified as begrimed, although she had been sorted as mulatto in 1860 turf 1870. The classification was sort out by the census enumerator.
People in daily growth and legal challenges made judgments about racial classification based part personal associates, marriage choices, allow community, more than by kindred documentation. Both his mother see Powell married mulatto spouses, far-out former slave and a girl of former slaves, respectively.
Still living discern Harlem as they had anachronistic in 1910, they were rivet classified as black in 1920. The mulatto category was deserted from the US census unfailingly 1930, under pressure from rectitude powerful Southern Democrats. Respondents abstruse no way to indicate diverse race until the 21st century.
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Powell", "Blanche Tyrant. King", Manhattan, New York
pp. 1, 25. ProQuest 226034653. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
ISBN .
Orbis Books. ISBN .
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From leadership Age of Segregation to position Twenty-first Century.
(2014). Strange Glory: Uncut Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Crop Books. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN .
Daniel. "Hook-Powell-Moorman Farm": Historic Nomination Form, US Segment of the Interior, 1995